Recurrent Reversible Cerebral Vasoconstriction Syndrome: A Report of Two Cases.

Reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome (RCVS) is a rare neurological condition that classically presents with recurrent, thunderclap headaches and radiographic findings of multifocal narrowing of cerebral vasculature. Complications of RCVS may include ischemic or hemorrhagic strokes. Sympathomimetic agents including cannabinoids have been associated as precipitants in many cases. RCVS is classically considered to be reversible, although cases of recurrent RCVS have been described in the literature. In this report, we describe two cases of recurrent RCVS, which were precipitated by recurrent exposures to inciting agents. The first patient was found to have a history of repeated exposure to tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and suffered from recurrent multifocal ischemic strokes with evidence of persistent multifocal narrowing of cerebral vasculature by cerebral arteriography. The second case describes a patient with a history of use of ashwagandha, medical marijuana, and serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) who experienced multiple intracranial hemorrhages with radiographic evidence of multifocal narrowing of cerebral vessels as well.

Mission thrombectomy 2020 (MT2020+) surveys of Caribbean stroke services: A call for action in our region.

Stroke is the leading cause of death and adult-onset disability in the Caribbean region. Despite the tremendous advances in acute stroke care in the past 25 years, treatment in the Caribbean lags stroke standards of care. Mission Thrombectomy 2020+ (MT2020+) is a metrics based global campaign focused on increasing access to organized stroke care and mechanical thrombectomy. We conducted two consecutive online surveys across the MT2020+ Caribbean Region assessing access to thrombolytics, mechanical thrombectomy and stroke centers. The first survey - Mechanical Thrombectomy Access-Caribbean sub-study, allowed a comparison between global services and those in the MT2020+ Caribbean region. This survey provided a snapshot of the current state of stroke centers worldwide and confirmed lower available stroke resources in the MT2020+ Caribbean Region which has one certified stroke center, and 9 mechanical thrombectomy capable centers. The second survey - MT2020+ Caribbean Region infrastructure survey - was designed to determine the availability of stroke resources that are key components of stroke care in participating hospitals. Key infrastructural components such as 24/7 computerized tomographic scanners, access to thrombolytic therapy and access to mechanical thrombectomy capable centers were scarce. There were low volumes of mechanical thrombectomy performed in the Caribbean compared to other countries around the world. Limited resources and inadequate stroke infrastructure remains a major challenge in the Caribbean. We advocate for governmental support and investment, public and private partnerships and legislation to increase access and availability to acute stroke treatments to allow for equal access to care for all Caribbean citizens.

Nilotinib-Associated Atherosclerosis Presenting as Multifocal Intracranial Stenosis and Acute Stroke.

Nilotinib, a BCR-ABL tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI), has been associated with vascular events and accelerated arterial stenosis, presumably of atherosclerotic etiology. Studies of nilotinib-associated atherosclerosis are mainly associated with progressive peripheral artery occlusive disease (PAOD), and only a few cases of coronary artery disease (CAD), and cerebrovascular disease (CVD) have been reported. The mechanisms by which nilotinib promotes atherosclerosis are poorly understood but endothelial and perivascular factors, mast cell depletion, and metabolic factors such as promotion of dyslipidemia and impaired glucose metabolism are thought to play a role. We present a case of a patient with chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) treated with nilotinib who developed intracranial atherosclerosis leading to acute onset of stroke. Our patient had no cardiovascular risk factors prior to treatment with nilotinib and developed accelerated atheromatous cerebrovascular disease with severe left middle cerebral artery (MCA) stenosis. These findings suggest that nilotinib may be associated with the development of intracranial atherosclerotic disease (ICAD) independently of any preexisting vascular risk factors leading to acute stroke. Clinicians should have increased awareness of the association between nilotinib and the development of progressive atheromatous disease and vascular adverse events including PAOD, CAD, and CVD. In certain patients, these events can be severe and life threatening. Thus, screening for vascular risk factors including CVD prior to starting nilotinib and close follow up during treatment is crucial.

Decline in Rehab Transfers Among Rehab-Eligible Stroke Patients During the COVID-19 Pandemic.

OBJECTIVE: To characterize differences in disposition arrangement among rehab-eligible stroke patients at a Comprehensive Stroke Center before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed a prospective registry for demographics, hospital course, and discharge dispositions of rehab-eligible acute stroke survivors admitted 6 months prior to (10/2019-03/2020) and during (04/2020-09/2020) the COVID-19 pandemic. The primary outcome was discharge to an inpatient rehabilitation facility (IRF) as opposed to other facilities using descriptive statistics, and IRF versus home using unadjusted and adjusted backward stepwise logistic regression. RESULTS: Of the 507 rehab-eligible stroke survivors, there was no difference in age, premorbid disability, or stroke severity between study periods (p>0.05). There was a 9% absolute decrease in discharges to an IRF during the pandemic (32.1% vs. 41.1%, p=0.04), which translated to 38% lower odds of being discharged to IRF versus home in unadjusted regression (OR 0.62, 95%CI 0.42-0.92, p=0.016). The lower odds of discharge to IRF persisted in the multivariable model (aOR 0.16, 95%CI 0.09-0.31, p<0.001) despite a significant increase in discharge disability (median discharge mRS 4 [IQR 2-4] vs. 2 [IQR 1-3], p<0.001) during the pandemic. CONCLUSIONS: Admission for stroke during the COVID-19 pandemic was associated with a significantly lower probability of being discharged to an IRF. This effect persisted despite adjustment for predictors of IRF disposition, including functional disability at discharge. Potential reasons for this disparity are explored.

Stroke etiologies in patients with COVID-19: the SVIN COVID-19 multinational registry.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is associated with a small but clinically significant risk of stroke, the cause of which is frequently cryptogenic. In a large multinational cohort of consecutive COVID-19 patients with stroke, we evaluated clinical predictors of cryptogenic stroke, short-term functional outcomes and in-hospital mortality among patients according to stroke etiology. METHODS: We explored clinical characteristics and short-term outcomes of consecutively evaluated patients 18 years of age or older with acute ischemic stroke (AIS) and laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 from 31 hospitals in 4 countries (3/1/20-6/16/20). RESULTS: Of the 14.483 laboratory-confirmed patients with COVID-19, 156 (1.1%) were diagnosed with AIS. Sixty-one (39.4%) were female, 84 (67.2%) white, and 88 (61.5%) were between 60 and 79 years of age. The most frequently reported etiology of AIS was cryptogenic (55/129, 42.6%), which was associated with significantly higher white blood cell count, c-reactive protein, and D-dimer levels than non-cryptogenic AIS patients (p

Real-world experience with implantable loop recorder monitoring to detect subclinical atrial fibrillation in patients with cryptogenic stroke: The value of p wave dispersion in predicting arrhythmia occurrence.

PURPOSE: We hypothesized patients implanted with ILRs for cryptogenic stroke in "real life" clinical practice will show an AF detection rate comparable to prior clinical studies, and that clinical or imaging features may help to identify those at higher risk of AF detection. METHODS: A retrospective chart review was conducted of all patients who presented with cryptogenic stroke and received an ILR at an academic medical center from 2015 to 2017 with an active inpatient stroke service. The electronic health record and remote monitoring were used to identify occurrence of AF. RESULTS: A total of 178 patients who received ILRs for cryptogenic stroke were included. Overall, after a thorough evaluation for other etiologies of stroke, 35 (19.6%) were found to have AF detected. Mean follow-up was 365 days with a median time to detection of 131 days. Advanced age (p = 0.001), diastolic dysfunction on echo (p = 0.03), as well as ECG findings of premature atrial contractions (PACs) and p wave dispersion (PWD) > 40 ms were found to be predictive of AF detection (p = 0.04, p < 0.001, respectively). On multiple regression analysis, the only independent predictor of AF detection was PWD > 40 ms. CONCLUSION: After a thorough evaluation to exclude other etiologies for stroke, approximately 20% of patients of our cryptogenic stroke population were found to have AF with ILR surveillance. Advanced age, diastolic dysfunction, as well as ECG findings of PACs and increased PWD may help to predict those at higher risk of AF detection, while PWD was the only independent predictor. This has important clinical implications, as better prediction of AF may help identify those at highest risk and might subsequently aid in guiding therapy.

Cerebrovascular events and outcomes in hospitalized patients with COVID-19: The SVIN COVID-19 Multinational Registry.

BACKGROUND: Severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) has been associated with a significant risk of thrombotic events in critically ill patients. AIM: To summarize the findings of a multinational observational cohort of patients with SARS-CoV-2 and cerebrovascular disease. METHODS: Retrospective observational cohort of consecutive adults evaluated in the emergency department and/or admitted with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) across 31 hospitals in four countries (1 February 2020-16 June 2020). The primary outcome was the incidence rate of cerebrovascular events, inclusive of acute ischemic stroke, intracranial hemorrhages (ICH), and cortical vein and/or sinus thrombosis (CVST). RESULTS: Of the 14,483 patients with laboratory-confirmed SARS-CoV-2, 172 were diagnosed with an acute cerebrovascular event (1.13% of cohort; 1130/100,000 patients, 95%CI 970-1320/100,000), 68/171 (40.5%) were female and 96/172 (55.8%) were between the ages 60 and 79 years. Of these, 156 had acute ischemic stroke (1.08%; 1080/100,000 95%CI 920-1260/100,000), 28 ICH (0.19%; 190/100,000 95%CI 130-280/100,000), and 3 with CVST (0.02%; 20/100,000, 95%CI 4-60/100,000). The in-hospital mortality rate for SARS-CoV-2-associated stroke was 38.1% and for ICH 58.3%. After adjusting for clustering by site and age, baseline stroke severity, and all predictors of in-hospital mortality found in univariate regression (p < 0.1: male sex, tobacco use, arrival by emergency medical services, lower platelet and lymphocyte counts, and intracranial occlusion), cryptogenic stroke mechanism (aOR 5.01, 95%CI 1.63-15.44, p < 0.01), older age (aOR 1.78, 95%CI 1.07-2.94, p = 0.03), and lower lymphocyte count on admission (aOR 0.58, 95%CI 0.34-0.98, p = 0.04) were the only independent predictors of mortality among patients with stroke and COVID-19. CONCLUSIONS: COVID-19 is associated with a small but significant risk of clinically relevant cerebrovascular events, particularly ischemic stroke. The mortality rate is high for COVID-19-associated cerebrovascular complications; therefore, aggressive monitoring and early intervention should be pursued to mitigate poor outcomes.

Influence of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Treatment Times for Acute Ischemic Stroke: The Society of Vascular and Interventional Neurology Multicenter Collaboration.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The pandemic caused by the novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has led to an unprecedented paradigm shift in medical care. We sought to evaluate whether the COVID-19 pandemic may have contributed to delays in acute stroke management at comprehensive stroke centers. METHODS: Pooled clinical data of consecutive adult stroke patients from 14 US comprehensive stroke centers (January 1, 2019, to July 31, 2020) were queried. The rate of thrombolysis for nontransferred patients within the Target: Stroke goal of 60 minutes was compared between patients admitted from March 1, 2019, and July 31, 2019 (pre-COVID-19), and March 1, 2020, to July 31, 2020 (COVID-19). The time from arrival to imaging and treatment with thrombolysis or thrombectomy, as continuous variables, were also assessed. RESULTS: Of the 2955 patients who met inclusion criteria, 1491 were admitted during the pre-COVID-19 period and 1464 were admitted during COVID-19, 15% of whom underwent intravenous thrombolysis. Patients treated during COVID-19 were at lower odds of receiving thrombolysis within 60 minutes of arrival (odds ratio, 0.61 [95% CI, 0.38-0.98]; P=0.04), with a median delay in door-to-needle time of 4 minutes (P=0.03). The lower odds of achieving treatment in the Target: Stroke goal persisted after adjustment for all variables associated with earlier treatment (adjusted odds ratio, 0.55 [95% CI, 0.35-0.85]; P<0.01). The delay in thrombolysis appeared driven by the longer delay from imaging to bolus (median, 29 [interquartile range, 18-41] versus 22 [interquartile range, 13-37] minutes; P=0.02). There was no significant delay in door-to-groin puncture for patients who underwent thrombectomy (median, 83 [interquartile range, 63-133] versus 90 [interquartile range, 73-129] minutes; P=0.30). Delays in thrombolysis were observed in the months of June and July. CONCLUSIONS: Evaluation for acute ischemic stroke during the COVID-19 period was associated with a small but significant delay in intravenous thrombolysis but no significant delay in thrombectomy time metrics. Taking steps to reduce delays from imaging to bolus time has the potential to attenuate this collateral effect of the pandemic.

Would you use novel oral anticoagulants (NOACs) for thromboprophylaxis in patients with an underlying hypercoagulable state? A literature review through a case report.

Antiphospholipid syndrome (APLS) is an autoimmune condition that predisposes to venous and arterial thrombosis. Warfarin is the agent of choice for anticoagulation. However, a need for routine international normalised ratio (INR) checks and multiple drug interactions are some of the difficulties with warfarin. Currently, there is mixed evidence for and against the use of novel oral anticoagulants (NOACs) for thromboprophylaxis. We present a case report of a patient with APLS on a NOAC for secondary thromboprophylaxis who developed a stroke and discuss current evidence regarding the use of NOACs in patients with APLS. The patient was switched to warfarin for secondary thromboprophylaxis with an INR goal of 2-3. Literature review revealed mixed case reports for and against NOACs for secondary prevention of thrombotic events in patients with APLS. There needs to be further randomised controlled trials to evaluate the efficacy of NOACs for thromboprophylaxis in patients with APLS.

Diagnostic Approach for Stroke Etiology in Takayasu Arteritis.

Takayasu arteritis (TA) is a rare inflammatory arteritis that is usually affecting young women and causes ischemic changes in the vessel wall. In this report of TA leading to an acute ischemic stroke, we describe a treatment-resistant case, with short interval flares and the challenge of defining the stroke etiology as a large vessel occlusive disease vs. an arteritis flare. We have used CT and MRI modalities to show the active disease and got diagnostic answers from this tool.

Multiple recurrent ischaemic strokes in a patient with cancer: is there a role for the initiation of anticoagulation therapy for secondary stroke prevention?

A 52-year-old woman with a medical history of cervical and thyroid cancer, hypertension, dyslipidaemia, uncontrolled diabetes and heavy smoking was diagnosed with a new metastatic cholangiocarcinoma. While undergoing palliative chemotherapy, she developed dysarthria and left-sided weakness. Imaging studies showed multiple bilateral ischaemic strokes. On hospital days 2 and 5, she developed worsening neurological symptoms and imaging studies revealed new areas of ischaemia on respective days. Subsequent workup did not revealed a clear aetiology for the multiple ischaemic events and hypercoagulability studies were only significant for a mildly elevated serum D-dimer level. Although guidelines are unclear, full-dose anticoagulation with low molecular weight heparin was initiated given her high risk of stroke recurrence. She was discharged to acute rehabilitation but, within a month, she experienced complications of her malignant disease progression and a new pulmonary thromboembolism. The patient died soon after being discharged home with hospice care.